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<title>Pascal MicroEngine</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pascal MicroEngine</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Pascal MicroEngine</b> is a series of <a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> products manufactured by <a href="Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> from 1979 through the mid-1980s, designed specifically to run the <a href="UCSD_p-System" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSD p-System">UCSD p-System</a> efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to other microcomputers, which use a <a href="Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a> <a href="P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code</a> <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>, the Pascal MicroEngine has its interpreter implemented in <a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a>; p-code is its machine language. The most common <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> used on the p-System is <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>.

</p><p>The MicroEngine runs a special release III p-System. The enhancements of release III were incorporated into release IV which was made publicly available for other platforms but not for the MicroEngine.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2></div>

<p>The MicroEngine series of products was offered at various levels of integration:

</p>

<ul><li>WD-9000 five chip <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> chip set<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>WD-900 single board computer</li>

<li>WD-90 packaged system</li>

<li>SB-1600 MicroEngine single board computer</li>

<li>ME-1600 Modular MicroEngine packaged system</li></ul>

<p>The MicroEngine chipset was based on the <a href="MCP-1600" title="MCP-1600">MCP-1600</a> chipset, which formed the basis of the <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="LSI-11" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI-11">LSI-11</a> low-end <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> and the <a href="Western_Digital_WD16" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Digital WD16">WD16</a> processor used by <a href="Alpha_Microsystems" title="Alpha Microsystems">Alpha Microsystems</a> (each using different microcode).

</p><p>One of the well regarded systems was the <a href="S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a> based dual processor cards developed by Digicomp Research of Ithaca, NY.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cards deserve an entry on their own, as they survived the demise of the WD single-board system and delivered reliable performance at up to 2.5<a href="Mhz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhz">Mhz</a>. A typical configuration was a Digicomp <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">dual processor</a> board set, containing a <a href="Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> and a <a href="Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar</a> memory mapper harnessed to a microengine chipset on the second board, linked by a direct cable. The sole configuration known to be still running in 2018 and documented on the web is described by Marcus Wigan<sup id="cite_ref-mwigan.7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwigan.7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains 312 <a href="Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kB</a> of memory, <a href="RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disc</a> support through a modified Z80 BIOS (written by Tom Evans) taking advantage of the <a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">memory mapping</a> chip on the Z80 board, and using the UCSD Pascal III version of the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> tuned specifically for the WD chipset - once the Microengine had booted the ram-disc was available. A software facility within UCSD Pascal allowed the system to copy the entire operating system to the ram disc and transfer control to it. This sped it up remarkably. This use of a Z80 <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> to handle all the devices, allowed the use of a range of <a href="Floppy_discs" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy discs">floppy discs</a>, I/O boards and <a href="Disk_controller" title="Disk controller">hard disk controllers</a>.

</p><p>The performance of this Microengine on a series of simply Interface Age benchmarks (originally designed for BASIC programs) is documented in an <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> Computer Society, MICSIG, paper presented at the National Conference on Microcomputer Software, <a href="Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, ACT presented in June 1982, <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a wide range of other contemporary machines and compilers, including Z80 systems supported by the 9511 APU chip hosted in the Digicomp S-100 Microengine system that he used.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

<p>At the time of introduction, the only competitors were 8-bit processors (mainly <a href="Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, Z80, and <a href="MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a> based systems). The MicroEngine could <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compile</a> Pascal <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> in a fraction of the time (typically about 1/10) required by contemporaries. Fast compilation made the MicroEngine especially nice as a developer's machine, and the inclusion of a <a href="Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">semaphore</a> primitive in the microcode was particularly useful for multi user enhancements, which were developed in <a href="Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> for the Canberra Australia-based Ortex Company, extended to be a multiuser system and often sold with a bundled pharmacy management system, also delivered on the Sage IV computers under UCSD Pascal IV and enabled as a multiuser system using the Sage multiuser BIOS rather than by extending UCSD Pascal IV to add a semaphore. This performance advantage was eroded by the later availability of p-code to native machine code translators, and mainstream 16-bit microprocessors such as the <a href="Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> and <a href="Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>.

</p><p>When details of the MicroEngine were first released, the system accumulated a very large number of pre-orders (for the time). The first boards shipped were poorly designed (power and ground traces the same size as <a href="Signal_trace" title="Signal trace">signal traces</a>, very few <a href="Capacitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacitors">capacitors</a>), required a large number of modifications, and even then did not work reliably. A couple of years would pass after introduction before a well-engineered MicroEngine was available. Between a damaged reputation and the introduction of the <a href="IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a>, in the end the MicroEngine was only modestly successful.

</p><p>A further example of a commercial product based on the MicroEngine was the AVAB Viking lighting control system, which used the Modular MicroEngine boards along with some custom hardware.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h2></div>

<p>A group led by David A. Fisher developed the third validated <a href="Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> compiler using the Modular MicroEngine.

for version 17.1 of the Ada verification system then in use.

This compiler was later transferred to mainframe/minicomputers under the name of GenSoft Ada, and ran in an emulator of the Microengine under the MicroEngine-specific UCSD 3 operating system. Copies of the Prime computer version are known to be held by M R Wigan, who also holds a zero price licence for the full MicroEngine Ada system and UCSD 3 Operating system used for the Modular Microengine, as well as the three Modular MicroEngines used to create the 17.1 Ada, and all the development 8" floppy discs.

</p><p>Ada was the only other full programming language available.<sup id="cite_ref-refman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

John Lloyd of the University of Melbourne created an early version of his Prolog for this system and both Basic and Fortran 77 compilers were ported from other UCSD P-system implementations at various times, but not widely distributed.

</p><p>Due to limited memory (62K 16-bit <a href="Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">words</a>, the last 2K words being reserved for <a href="Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">memory-mapped I/O</a> and <a href="Programmable_read-only_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable read-only memory">PROM</a> for the hard disk <a href="Bootstrapping_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrapping (computing)">bootstrap</a> code) only very small Ada programs could be compiled. At one point in the compilation the compiler <a href="Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">swapped</a> the operating system out to disk, to gain just a little more room.

</p><p>"A(da" replaced "A(ssmble"

on the main command menu. No native assembler was available or needed. This UCSD-based Ada was later redeveloped for the Sage 4 by <a href="TeleSoft" title="TeleSoft">TeleSoft</a> in San Diego.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code machine</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IT4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Pascal+MicroEngine&pg=PA2">Pascal "Cast in silicon" By Western Digital</a>, InfoWorld, 11 Dec 1978, Page 2, <i>...under the trademarked name "Pascal Microengine," will be priced at $2995...First units are expected to be available in January, 1979...</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mT4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=western+digital+MicroEngine&pg=PT33">Advert: ACI-90(tm) Pascal Computer System</a>, InfoWorld, 24 Nov 1980, Page 34, <i>...Microengine(tm) Equipped..the Western Digital's WD/9000 Pascal Microengine(tm)...</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LD4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Pascal+MicroEngine&pg=PA15">Turnkey Pascal Business System</a>, InfoWorld, 21 Nov 1979, Page 15, <i>...The ACI-90(tm), a 16-bit Pascal computer system equipped with Western Digital's Microengine(tm)...</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tz4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Pascal+MicroEngine&pg=PT18">Hardware/Briefs</a>, InfoWorld, 7 Jul 1980, Page 19, <i>...Digicomp Research Corporation has announced <b>Pascal-100</b>, a <b>Pascal CPU for the S-100 bus</b>. Based on the Western Digital Pascal Microengine..</i></span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Wigan2015" class="citation web cs1">Marcus Wigan (2015-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mwigan.com/mrw/8-wd-microengine.html">"Western Digital Pascal Microengine-Based Systems"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWigan1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wigan, M. R. (August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328125527if_/http://www.mwigan.com/mrw/WD_MicroEngine_files/82%20MICSIG%20ACS1-25.pdf">"BASIC, FORTRAN, S-ALGOL, and Pascal Benchmarks on microcomputers, including the effects of floating point processor support"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings: National Conference on microcomputer software, Microprocessor Special Interest Group, Australian Computer Society. MICSIG, Canberra</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-refman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refman_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">. The March 1979 Preliminary Edition of the reference manual stated that a <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> compiler was available for the system, but it is unknown if this compiler ever actually shipped.</span>

</li>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Po-oIhNpsC&dq=Pascal+MicroEngine&pg=RA1-PA76">Based on Pascal Microengine: Desktop Graphics System Debuts</a>, Computerworld, 14 Jul 1980, Page 76, <i>...The self-contained Ensemble 120GX graphics system from Integrated Research and Information Systems is based on the Western Digital Corp. Pascal Microengine...</i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725075118/http://machine-room.bedroomlan.org/computers/companies/303/">Western Digital Pascal MicroEngine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/westernDigital/WD90_Pascal_Microengine/">Pascal Microengine documentation</a> at bitsavers.org</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328125418/http://www.mwigan.com/mrw/WD_MicroEngine.html">Western Digital Pascal Microengine-Based Systems</a> at www.mwigan.com</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Pascal_programming_language_family576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal programming language</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_Script" title="Pascal Script">Pascal Script</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li>

<li><a href="Clascal" title="Clascal">Clascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_Pascal" title="Concurrent Pascal">Concurrent Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Joyce_(programming_language)" title="Joyce (programming language)">Joyce</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperPascal" title="SuperPascal">SuperPascal</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> (<a href="History_of_Delphi_(software)" title="History of Delphi (software)">history</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)#Compilers_and_interpreters" title="Pascal (programming language)">VSI Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="IP_Pascal" title="IP Pascal">IP Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> (<a href="Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Pascal" title="GNU Pascal">GNU Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo51" title="Turbo51">Turbo51</a></li>

<li><a href="Pic_Micro_Pascal" title="Pic Micro Pascal">Pic Micro Pascal</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Pascal" title="Apple Pascal">Apple Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Microsoft Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="JRT_Pascal" title="JRT Pascal">JRT Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_Windows_Library" title="Object Windows Library">Object Windows Library</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenWire_(library)" title="OpenWire (library)">OpenWire</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo_Vision" title="Turbo Vision">Turbo Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Pascal and C</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Pascal_and_Delphi" title="Comparison of Pascal and Delphi">Pascal and Delphi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Generic_programming#Genericity_in_Pascal" title="Generic programming">Genericity</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><span class="nobold">Related to</span></dt>

<dd><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> (1958)</dd>

<dd><a href="Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> (1977)</dd>

<dd><a href="Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> (1986)</dd>

<dd><a href="Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a> (1988)</dd>

<dd><a href="Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> (1991)</dd>

<dd><a href="Component_Pascal" title="Component Pascal">Component Pascal</a> (1991)</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Digital51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Western_Digital51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="My_Passport" title="My Passport">My Passport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deskstar" title="Deskstar">Deskstar</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Digital_Media_Center" title="Western Digital Media Center">Media Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Digital_Raptor" title="Western Digital Raptor">Raptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Travelstar" title="Travelstar">Travelstar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrastar_(hard_disk_drive)" title="Ultrastar (hard disk drive)">Ultrastar</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amplidata" title="Amplidata">Amplidata</a></li>

<li><a href="Arkeia_Software" title="Arkeia Software">Arkeia Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradise_Systems" title="Paradise Systems">Paradise Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="IntelliFlash" title="IntelliFlash">Tegile Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Virident_Systems" title="Virident Systems">Virident Systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divestitures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sandisk" title="Sandisk">Sandisk</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pascal_MicroEngine&oldid=1292913935">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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